What Is Identity Diffusion Definition and Examples

Individuals in identity diffusion haven’t committed to any path for their futures, including occupational and ideological, and aren’t attempting to develop a path. Identity diffusion is one of four identity statuses defined by psychologist James Marcia in the 1960s. Generally speaking, identity diffusion takes place during adolescence, a period when people are working to form their identities, but it can continue into adulthood. Key Takeaways: Identity Diffusion Identity diffusion occurs when an individual hasn’t committed to an identity and isn’t working to form one.Many people experience, and eventually grow out of, a period of identity diffusion in childhood or early adolescence. However, long-term identity diffusion is possible.Identity diffusion is one of four identity statuses developed by James Marcia in the 1960s. These identity statuses are an extension of Erik Erikson’s work on adolescent identity development. Origins Identity diffusion and the other identity statuses are an extension of Erik Erikson’s ideas about identity development during adolescence outlined in his stage theory of psychosocial development. Marcia created the statuses as a way to empirically test Erikson’s theoretical ideas. In Erikson’s stage theory, stage 5, which takes place during adolescence, is when people begin to form their identities. According to Erikson the central crisis of this stage is Identity vs. Role Confusion. It is a time when adolescents must figure out who they are and who they want to be in the future. If they dont, they may descend into confusion about their place in the world. Marcia examined the formation of identity in terms of two dimensions: 1) whether the individual has gone through a decision-making period, referred to as a crisis, and 2) whether the individual has committed to particular occupational choices or ideological beliefs. Marcia’s focus on occupation and ideology, specifically, arose from Erikson’s proposal that one’s occupation and one’s commitment to particular values and beliefs are the fundamental parts of identity. Since Marcia first proposed the identity statuses, they have been the subject of a great deal of research, especially with college student participants. Characteristics of Identity Diffusers People in the status of identity diffusion are neither going through a decision-making period nor made any firm commitments. These individuals may never have gone through a period of crisis in which they explored possibilities for their future selves. Alternatively, they may have been through a period of exploration and failed to come to a decision. Identity diffusers are passive and living in the moment with no consideration of who they are and who they want to be. As a result, their goals are simply to avoid pain and experience pleasure. Identity diffusers tend to lack self-esteem, be externally oriented, have lower levels of autonomy, and take less personal responsibility for their lives. Research on identity diffusion indicates that these individuals may feel isolated and withdraw from the world. In one study, James Donovan found that people in identity diffusion are suspicious of others and believe their parents don’t understand them.  These individuals end up withdrawing into fantasy as a coping mechanism. Some adolescents in identity diffusion might resemble what are popularly known as slackers or underachievers. Take as an example recent high school graduate Steve. Unlike his peers who are heading off to college or taking on full-time jobs, Steve hasn’t explored any college or career options. He still works part-time at a fast food restaurant, a job he got during high school so he could make a little money to go out and have fun. He continues to live with his parents where his daily life hasnt evolved much since high school. However, he never considers finding a full-time job that could help him move out and live on his own. When it comes to occupational concerns, Steve’s identity is diffused. Adolescents whose identity is diffused in the realm of ideology may show a similar lack of consideration and commitment in the area of politics, religion, and other worldviews. For example, a teenager who is approaching voting age may express no preference between the Democratic and Republican candidates in an upcoming election and has given no consideration to their political perspective. Do People Grow Out of Identity Diffusion? People can move from one  identity status to another, so identity diffusion is not usually an ongoing state. In fact, its normal for children and young adolescents to go through a period of identity diffusion. Before they hit their teen years, children often don’t have a strong idea of who they are or what they stand for. Typically, middle and older adolescents begin to explore their interests, worldviews, and perspectives. As a result, they start to work towards a future vision of themselves. However, studies have shown that long-term identity diffusion is possible. For example, a study that assessed identity status at ages 27, 36, and 42 found that many participants who were in diffusion in various domains of life, including occupational, religious, and political, at age 27 remained so at age 42. Furthermore, in a 2016 study, researchers found that people who were still in identity diffusion at age 29 had put their lives on hold. They either actively avoided or were unable to explore opportunities or invest in options in domains like work and relationships. They viewed the world as random and unpredictable, and therefore, refrained from developing a direction for their lives. Sources Carlsson, Johanna, Maria Wà ¤ngqvist, and Ann Frisà ¨n. â€Å"Life on Hold: Staying in Identity Diffusion in the Late Twenties.† Journal of Adolescence, vol. 47, 2016, pp. 220-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.10.023Donovan, James M. â€Å"Identity Status and Interpersonal Style.† Journal of Youth and Adolescence, vol. 4, no. 1, 1975, pp. 37-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01537799Fadjukoff, Paivi, Lea Pulkkinen, and Katja Kokko. â€Å"Identity Processes in Adulthood: Diverging Domains.† Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, vol. 5, no. 1, 2005, pp. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1207/s1532706xid0501_1Fraser-Thill, Rebecca. â€Å"Understanding Identity Diffusion in Children and Tweens.† Verywell Family, 6 July 2018. https://www.verywellfamily.com/identity-diffusion-3288023Marcia, James. â€Å"Identity in Adolescence.† Handbook of Adolescent Psychology, edited by Joseph Adelson, Wiley, 1980, pp. 159-187.McAdams, Dan. The Person: An Introduction to the Science of Personality Psychology. 5th ed., Wiley, 2008.Oswalt, Angela. â€Å"James Marcia and Self-Identity.† MentalHelp.net. https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/james-marcia-and-self-identity/Waterman, Alan S. Identity Development From Adolescence to Adulthood: An Extension of Theory and a Review of Research. Developmental Psychology, vol. 18, no. 2. 1982, pp. 341-358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.18.3.341

Outline Of The Welfare Agency - 1620 Words

MEMO TO: Mayor Monty Python FROM: Commissioner Dimitri Henry CC: Deputy Mayor Quintin Haynes RE: Proposed Solutions to the Welfare Commission ________________________________________ Objective Inform the Mayor about the Child Welfare Agency and propose solutions to the issues at hand. ________________________________________ As you know, the Agency has recently come under fire from the press because of a number of issues that have come to fruition within the Agency. To highlight a few of the issues, they include the death and arrest of two of our clients as well as a number of news agencies reporting negatively about our personnel. Upon further review of these issues, there appears to be more complexities that need to be addressed on both an internal and external level. Issues This past week, two failed cases occurred days in between each other. Eight-year-old Michelle Moore was found in what has been deemed a homicide in her Newark home and twelve-year-old, Genesis Rincon was arrested for possession of narcotics with intent to distribute. These two clients were both supposed to be under the supervision of our case managers. Upon the conduction of an internal review from our Inspector General, it was found that not only did these caseworkers have a higher amount of absenteeism regarding client check-ups but one of the caseworkers is romantically involved with her superior - an Assistant Commissioner who was recently transferred from a different department.Show MoreRelated1.1 Outline Current Legislation, Guidelines, Policies and Procedures Within Own Uk Home Nation Affecting the Safeguarding of Children and Young People.672 Words   |  3 Pages1.1 outline current legislation, guidelines, policies and procedures within own UK home nation affecting the safe guarding of children and young people. 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Kolb Model Free Essays

string(102) " 700 acres and another part of 300 acres which was kept for the ancillary production for the project\." Tata Motors’ Singur Case (Nano Controversy) Introduction I have taken the case on Tata Motors Ltd. The case was all about on the Tata Nano Singur Controversy. This controversy refers to the Tata’s Nano Factory at Singur in Hooghly district in West Bengal, India. We will write a custom essay sample on Kolb Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now Since Tata Motors Started constructing the factory over there in Singur, the small place comes into the media worldwide. Tata Motors started this factory to manufacture 25000 cars firstly. The plans of Tata Motors were that Nano will come out from the factory by 2008 for rolling out the roads. Tata Motors Ltd. s the largest Indian automobile company having the revenues of USD 20 billion in 2009-10. Tata Motors is the leader in the manufacturing of commercial vehicles. It is among the top three in the passenger car and also in mid car segment. The organization stands at number four in truck manufacturing worldwide and stands at number two in bus manufacturing. The total workforce of Tata Motors worldwide is near about 24000 employees. Tata Motors established in 1945, Tata Motors is present across the India and even world wide as they have acquired the two brands of Ford Motors.The total quantity of the vehicles which rolling out on Indian roads by Tata Motors are near about 6 million. The company has its manufacturing units all across the India i. e. Jamshedpur, Pune, Lucknow, Pantnagar and Karnataka. In 2005, Tata Motors set the alliance with Fiat Motors at Ranjangaon, Maharashtra to produce bith Fiat and Tata cars. The company is also establishing the new manufacturing unit at Sanand( Gujrat). The company has a good dealership network in India. Abstract The controversy of Tata Motors was due to Land Acquisition at Singur for its Nano Project 4 years back. The Tata Motors have the dream to run a Rs. lakh car on Indian roads. In 2006, the CM of West Bengal Mr. Bhuddadeb Bhattacharjee’s vision was to make the West Bengal an industrialized state so that it can compare to other states in India in industrialization. As the land in Singur was not so fruitful, so the government had decided to give it to Tata Motors for the Nano Project, so that the state will get benefit out of it. But the opposition had the continuously eye on this issue, they do not want that the poor farmers’ land will be taken from them under the government pressure. The political factors come into the picture against this project at Singur.The opposition was playing with the emotions of the farmers. The opposition put the arguments that the land is scarce resource in the West Bengal. The opposition does not want that the project will start here and it will end up at its scheduled time. The opposition got successful in its operations for the Tata Motors and finally Supreme Court asked the Ratan Tata to chuck out their plant from the Singur. The main person behind all this was Ms. Mamta Benerjee, she was adding fuel to the fire always at the time of issue. So, at the end Tata Motors have stopped its operations and went ahead to the place in Gujrat. Comparative AnalysisThe comparative analysis can be defined in terms of issues of the case and their depth analysis from the point of view of stakeholders. It can be explain in terms of some external forces which play important role in this issue as given below: First of all in this case, legal aspects in the land acquisition by Tata at Singur come into the play. Due to globalization, most of the developing countries want to have the shift from import substitution based strategy for the land acquisition. SEZ i. e. special economic zones are the geographical regions which have the economic laws more liberal than the economic laws in the whole country.By offering the all these privileged terms from the SEZ to the company, it will attract the investment from the investors, foreign exchange, boost the employment and improving the infrastructure facilities which will help in the growth of the particular location. The same reason was here in the case also. Tata want to improve the industrialization in the West Bengal though their Nano Project. As the Nano project will be beneficial for the both parties, Tata will get the desired place for the manufacturing of the Nano and West Bengal will also benefited.In this case, the main issue was that Industry, government and agriculture comes at the crossroads. There are so many implications for the external factors which come into this picture. As CPI had won the election for the seventh consecutive time in West Bengal, CM Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee has the vision to make the West Bengal an industrialized state which will help the people to upgrade their standards. CM was very happy that government has recommended the Singur for the Nano Plant. As Ratan Tata was looking for the place where he would able to control the cost and place would be cheap so that he can provide the people the car of worth Rs. lakh. So, Ratan Tata accepts the proposal from the West Bengal government because at Singur the cost of its operation would be less and Tata will get benefited out of it. The statistical data of Hooghly district on Singur block is that 83% of the land is irrigated and crop density is 220%. The landholders in the Singur were very small. All have the land in the small proportions. There are a large number of migrant workers over there; it implies that Tata would get the cheap and easy labor over there in the Singur.On May 18, 2006, there was the announcement by the West Bengal government for the beginning of the project at Singur. Ratan Tata promise to complete the project in 2 years. The whole project was spread into 2 parts, one part having the land of 700 acres and another part of 300 acres which was kept for the ancillary production for the project. You read "Kolb Model" in category "Papers" The project has created the 10,000 direct and indirect jobs over there in Singur. On Jun 19th2006, Tata got a notification from the government under the section 9(1) of land Acquisition Act of 1894 to the affected farmers due to this project.The Act mentioned that the land acquired by Tata needed to be taken by the government/ government authorities for the public purposes, employment generation and socio economic development of the state. After some time on Jul 27, 2006 the state government sets the 6 months deadline for acquiring the land. After that this land acquisition got challenged by the Kolkata High Court. Some people in the Singur got their cheques for the compensation from the government as they protest against the government for the cheques. After that there is state wide violence in the Singur began.The monitoring protesting starts in the Singur. Ms. Mamta Banerjee took the lead for the opposition of the project. On 22th Jan, 2007 there were near about the 1000 guards arranged for Tata Motors’ plant to save it from the protesting people on the day of Bhoomi Pujan. There are the people from the all parts of the society come in the Singur to protest this movement. On 4th Feb’07, HC issued a prohibitory order under the section 144 Cr at Singur and announce that it was the only use of power and unreasonable restricted practices by the government authorities. After some days, the government asked for the file an affidavit which will show all the details for the legality of the land acquisition by the Tata Motors at Singur. Here comes the issue whether land acquire though under the two different section of land acquisition act 1894, it got directed towards the farmers who receive the compensation from the government. After messing with government, finally Tata got the approval for the plant on March, 07. The government signed an agreement to lease the 949. 5 acres to the Tata Motors for 90 years.After some time, government felt that an advocate made some mistakes and the same case got filed again, government found that only 30% of the farmers signed willingly and yet other people do not want. The state government admitted that Till April 25, 07 only Rs. 90. 35 crores have distributed and rest the people are left undistributed the money where as their land had already acquired. In the meanwhile the Nano got unveiled in Delhi’s pragati Maidan on Jan10, 08. On Jan 18, 10, Calcutta High Court sealed the land acquisition in Singur and asked the Tata to roll out the Nano without completing the project.The Chief Justice dismiss the all the 11petitions filed by the Tata. Tata has not paid the people which are CPI(M) supported. Now there are cpnditions got critical and Ratan Tata decide to roll out the project from the Singur on Oct 3, 08 due to worried about the safety concern of the Mangers and their families over there. Implications on Stakeholders The stakeholder impacts the case a lot from the point of view of their different place in the organization. The implications of all the stakeholders are given below: Tatas Prospective Investors Ancillary Units Competitor to Nano Farmers Stakeholders WB Government EmployeesMamta Banarjee Different Stakeholder Values The primary stakeholders for the Tata project were Tatas, government of west Bengal and farmers. The government plays a critical role in pulling out the project by Tatas. Mamta Banerjee played with the emotions of the Farmers by making them ignited for the opposition of this project. Every stakeholder thinks from its prospective of getting the benefit out of this problem. Talking about the farmers, as they firstly persuaded for the land acquisition but they were opposing it because due to increase in the land prices as they are demanding now the high prices for their land.As the West Bengal is a agriculture state, there is a lack of industrial ization in the West Bengal. The issue was taken up by the opposition due to this factor also. The main role played by the Mamata Banerjee by taking the help of political and government issues which are totally external, could not able to handle by Tatas. The formulation of Tata-Singur case is very much uncertain. There are too many speculations over there for unsatisfied farmers as they demanded more money now. Returning 400 acres to the farmers which was unwillingly for the Tatas or the main reason was the political factors.Theory of Socialism Socialism is a theory related to the political and economic factors of the public or for the mutual ownership of the people in particular regions. It has a lot of importance in the means of the production and makes the resources allocated among all the departments. The theory of socialism plays an important part in Singur Case. As the socialism theory will have the care for the people in the society, it will help the people to co operate the each other. The Tatas can carry out the production by the free association of the workers to use the maximum optimal resources.The co-ordination planning is the major part of this theory and I think in co-ordination or in the planning of the co-ordination Tata is the best in the industry. The decisions about the investment, distribution of the surplus money or invest in the production methods give the advantage over the others. Socialism is the theory which is based on the arrangements for labour time, all the units of power and other factors of the production. In the case of Singur, there are a lot of political factors or forces Tata faced by the government. The socialism theory originated from the intellectual and the working class of the society.So it impacts a lot of the political movement of the Tata Motors which arises from the fact of industrialization in the state. The main issue which comes into the picture was the private properties of the farmers in the Singur. As the West Bengal is an agriculture state, the Singur is totally depending upon the agriculture. But due to government rule, the land which is about irrigated from a long time it could be comes under the SEZs. Under SEZs the land will be used under the various government laws to start with some industries over there.The theory also emphasis on the fact about the issue at the Singur case is that due to socialism, the modern values to rationalize economic activities by the eliminating the capitalist production at the plant. It would also allow the workers for the economic output and the power to be distributed on the base of extended work in the manufacturing of the Nano Project. Theory of Pluralism Final Outcome All Organizations face a business environment in which international and macroeconomic phenomena Matter, The same with happened to TATA in Singur They faced a huge protest by the farmers in the land acquisition matter.The problem in Singur is essentially just that: the irresistible coming up against the immovable. While the government wants to develop industry in the state, farmers are worried about losing their land and procuring the next meal for themselves and their families. The trinomial congress, with its honorable leader Mamta Banerjee had a right intention of protecting the interests of the local farmers, started off well and managed to get a lot of political support from rural Bengal. As Nano factory was nearing completion, The CM of Bengal Mr.Bhattacharya stepped back and soon to com e up with support and not putting up the factory in Singur. The Tata’s mistake was to put too much faith in west Bengal chief minister Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, and to depend only on him to provide them with easy possession of land on favorable terms, and to sort out all political problems. After that TATA had offered many compensation package in exchange of the acquired land to the farmers but their leader Mamta was not interested whatsoever in any package that endangers the survival of the problem.Taking a drastic site-selection turn, Tata Motors has abandoned the site in eastern India where its 2,000-employee plant was going to manufacture the new Nano mini-car. Prompted by months of often violent opposition from uprooted farmers, the pullout from the city of Singur came only after Tata had reportedly spent almost US$350 million, working for two years to ready the operation in West Bengal state to make the low-cost â€Å"People’s Car. Instead, the automaker is relocating to Sanand, Gujrat, where it will construct a $417 mill ion facility to make the Nano mini car. Critical Recommendations The TATA motors should have entered into direct negotiations with the farmers, tried to understand their problems with empathy and offered them a higher price and employment for at least one member of each affected family. Tata motors should not have gone so far ahead in construction before critical land acquisition issues were settled How to cite Kolb Model, Papers

Drug abuse with athletes Essay Example For Students

Drug abuse with athletes Essay Drugs have been a problem in our society for many years. They have been used and abused by many groups, including professional athletes. It is certainly quite common to hear about or read about athletes and drug use. Although drugs have a lengthy history of use by athletes, they have varied effects on the body and different preventions. Much of the worlds supply of cocaine is produced in South America. Thousands of years ago, the ancient Incas of Peru chewed coca leaves because they made it possible for them to work in the high mountains of the land for longer periods of time. In the 1880s Bolivian soldiers were given the drug to help them gain endurance and overcome fatigue. It wasnt until the early years of the 20th century that cocaine increased in popularity among athletes (Coca). Cocaine is a naturally occurring alkaloid, extracted from the leaves of the coca plant. . Eighty thousand tons of coca leaf will eventually produce about 200 tons Marijuana was first smoked as a medicine as early as 2737 B. C.E. in China. Marijuana is a mixture of leaves, stems, and flowering tops of the hemp plant. The hemp plant has the highest cannabinoid concentration found in the flowering tops. Marijuana is referred to as grass, pot, tea, or weed. The hemp plant grows wild through most of the world and can be cultivated in any area with a hot season. It grows best in central Asia. The main psychoactive compound in marijuana is delta-9-tetrahydrocannibinal, better known as THC, a strong hallucinogenic that passes from the lungs into the blood and the brain. The THC content of marijuana has increased eight fold in the last few years and some now exceed 10 percent. Hash oil may contain 15 to 30 percent THC. Marijuana is by far the most frequently used illicit drug in the United States(Marijuana). enhancement, anabolic-andogenic steroids are todays sports drugs of choice. Steroids are a family of synthetic compounds. . These children were prepped with wind sprints at six and steroids at 16, the sport vanished from sports (Rosellini 52). Cocaine was first used by doctors in the late 1800s as an anesthetic. It was also used during this time to treat fatigue, alcohol, morphine addiction, impotence, stomach disorders, asthma, and many other complaints including depression. Despite evidence that cocaine was habit forming, it was an ingredient in many popular patent medicines, and until 1903 it was in Coca-Cola. Most countries prohibit its use except for limited medical purposes. Cocaine is the most reinforcing drug around. . It is a hardened, very addictive form that may be smoked directly. Cocaine is very expensive. A single dose may be as little as a quarter of a gram, but it can easily There are no currently approved uses for marijuana in the Unites States. However, many doctors obtain THC from the federal government under special arrangements in order to prescribe it for cancer patients. THC is effective in reducing the nausea that cancer patients suffer from. Marijuana may stimulate appetite. Marijuana may be smoked or taken by mouth. The same dose of THC is about three times as effective when smoked as when ingested. Marijuana is smoked in the form of a hand-rolled cigarettes, but it is also smoked in a variety of pipes. After smoking marijuana, the user has a high, including an increased sense of well-being, relaxation, and sleepiness. Most users learn to avoid overdosage by taking only as many inhalations as required to produce the desired high. Steroids may have some therapeutic value. The United States Food and Drug Administration has approved the use of selected steroids for treating specific types of anemia, some breast cancers, osteoporosis, endometriosis, and hereditary angioedema, a rare disease involving the swelling of some parts of the body. Steroids are used today by young people that are in a hurry to reach maturity or by someone that hates his skinny body. .u472b0319740182a7c74f5fb8fe6f2450 , .u472b0319740182a7c74f5fb8fe6f2450 .postImageUrl , .u472b0319740182a7c74f5fb8fe6f2450 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u472b0319740182a7c74f5fb8fe6f2450 , .u472b0319740182a7c74f5fb8fe6f2450:hover , .u472b0319740182a7c74f5fb8fe6f2450:visited , .u472b0319740182a7c74f5fb8fe6f2450:active { border:0!important; } .u472b0319740182a7c74f5fb8fe6f2450 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u472b0319740182a7c74f5fb8fe6f2450 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u472b0319740182a7c74f5fb8fe6f2450:active , .u472b0319740182a7c74f5fb8fe6f2450:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u472b0319740182a7c74f5fb8fe6f2450 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u472b0319740182a7c74f5fb8fe6f2450 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u472b0319740182a7c74f5fb8fe6f2450 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u472b0319740182a7c74f5fb8fe6f2450 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u472b0319740182a7c74f5fb8fe6f2450:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u472b0319740182a7c74f5fb8fe6f2450 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u472b0319740182a7c74f5fb8fe6f2450 .u472b0319740182a7c74f5fb8fe6f2450-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u472b0319740182a7c74f5fb8fe6f2450:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jurassic Park Essay Paper Most of all, steroids are used by athletes to build muscle mass. They also help muscles to recuperate more quickly from exhaustion or injury. These enable users to train more frequently and for longer periods of time at a high intensity. Athletes generally take the drugs in dosages 10 to 100 times greater than would be prescribed for therapeutic purposes. Furthermore, athletes often take more than one type of steroid at a time, a practice known as stacking. Steroids may be .

Pert Essay Example

Pert Essay Planning and control–Critical Path Method (CPM) amp; Progamme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) Explain what is meant by the Critical Path Method (CPM) and the Programme Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), as used in project planning and control? Department A is performing a system upgrade project with the following tasks, duration and task dependency relationships. Critical Path Method (CPM) The critical path method (CPM) is a step-by-step technique for process planning that defines critical and non-critical tasks with the goal of avoid time-frame problems and process bottlenecks.The CPM is ideally suited to projects consisting of many activities that interact in a complex method. Programme evaluation and review technique (PERT) The programme evaluation and review technique, or PERT as it is universally known, had its origins in planning and controlling major defence projects in the US Navy. PERT had its most spectacular gains in the highly uncertain environment of s pace and defence projects. The technique know that activity period and costs in project management are not decision and that probability theory can be applied to estimates, as was mentioned earlier.In this type of network each activity period is estimated on an optimistic, a most likely and a pessimistic basis. CPM and PERT are project planning and control. 5 5 4 4 2 2 2 3 1 1 1 Start 6 6 3 3 2 1 End 1 the project duration is 9 days Task 1,2,4,5,6 are critical path. Task 3 is not in critical path , If task 3 delayed for 2 days will be no effect in the critical path. If crash project schedule to 8 days, we have to employ labor and over time to work in the task.

PUBLIC OFFICALS essays

PUBLIC OFFICALS essays I believe that character traits are very important in public officials, because of may different reasons, First off, I believe that if one is going to cheat on their spouse that is there own personal business. However, by doing this they are bringing their actions in to the job; I do not agree with public officials that conduct themselves in this manner. By having these affairs, they are bringing the attitudes and change of their moods in to office. I believe that if a public official is having an affair, he or she is unjust to be in office. That official when married, takes a vow to be faithful, have self respect, and integrity. If they can not keep a promise to their own family, why should I believe that they will keep a promise to we the people of the public? It is however a more advanced position to be in as a public official, you must live to a higher stander of life. Having said that, I believe that these people must have integrity to all whom they come in to contact with. When one makes a choice to become a public official, they are basically putting their lives and their familys lives under the public eye. They know what they are getting into, and that people will view them as role models. If they dont have the character, to hold office, they should leave it to someone who can. This is the view point that came too me when asked about this issue. Everyone has a different view of what they think should be allowed in to a public office or in person making decisions for the people of the United States. ...

Fruit content of fruit juice and apple juice content of cider using Literature review - 3

Fruit content of fruit juice and apple juice content of cider using DNA methodology - Literature review Example The PCR –RFLP method was used for the analysis of the different fruits in the fruit juice. The PCR heteroduplex system was successfully applied to the LOC and was found to show greater sensitivity for the identification of the fruit juices. After this process, random reannealing of the amplified DNA was done based on Hardy- Weinberg law. The heteroduplexes obtained from these studies have proved that the heteroduplexes were underestimated at the lab-on-a-chip method. The differential data interpretation is done to obtain better results. (Scott and Knight 2009). DNA profiling method was developed for the fruit samples. Different DNA extraction methods were practiced for the isolation of the genomic DNA from the fresh fruits. Some of the DNA extraction methods are CTAB- based DNA extraction method and some kits such as Nucleon Phytopure plant DNA Extraction kit, DNeasy Plant mini kit and G2 buffer & Genomic –tip 20/G kits can be used for the extraction of the DNA from the given fruit juices. SSR markers are used for the identification of the DNA from the given samples. The SSR analysis was able to reveal that the genotypes were the same for the dried fruits and the fresh juices. The DNA samples obtained from the canned and processes foods will be very small of 500 bp. (Yamamoto et al. 2006). These DNA samples can be easily amplified using the high quality primers. In the pear fruit DNA sequence there are 15 SSR sequences and among them 9 SSR markers were obtained from the fruit juice containing pear. The reason for this could be that the DNA obtained from the fruit juices were around 150 base pairs and they were very small for amplification. The DNA profiling and the cultivar methods were found to be very useful for the identification of the DNA of the fruits from the fruit juices. (Yamamoto et al. 2006). Orange juice is one of the most

Essay about Adolf Hitler was evil but not monstrous

About Adolf Hitler was evil but not monstrous - Essay Example Hitler was a man of his time when many European leaders tended to be nationalists who pursued the national interests of their countries to the exclusion of all others. Hitler’s contemporaries in Europe such as Stalin in Russia and Mussolini in Italy are examples of nationalist leaders who were dictators in their own countries and had absolute power over their people (Duckett). While this has been the case, these leaders, with the exception of Hitler, have largely been exonerated by historians, as the latter has been labelled as evil as well as a monster. It can therefore be said of Adolf Hitler that, while his actions may have been evil, they were not monstrous because of his belief that he was doing them for the benefit and glory of the Germanic race. These are normal human impulses which almost all patriotic individuals in the world often aspire to; to ensure the national development as well as the achievement of greatness for their people. Adolf Hitler, while committing great evil in the massacre of the Jews, was still a very human character comparable to other great leaders such as Genghis Khan and Stalin who despite killing thousands if not millions of people, continue to be worshipped as heroes. One will find that, despite the fact that Hitler and Stalin were on opposite sides during the Second World War, Hitler was a keen admirer of the latter. He believed that, under Stalin’s rule, Russia had achieved a semblance of order. Hitler felt that Stalin was the best thing that had happened to Russia because of the fact that he ruled the country from his office using a bureaucracy which did everything as he commanded it. In one instance, Hitler declared that Stalin was a ruthless man who was willing to sacrifice anything to ensure that he remained in power. In fact, Hitler suggested that were the Russians to be overwhelmed by the Germans, Stalin would

Agricultural marketing system Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Agricultural marketing system - Term Paper Example re of related to proper financial counseling and training in agricultural economics, management requires time dedication and ability for an employee to keenly understand the issue of marketing majoring in agricultural field of practice (Martin, 1991, p. 53). In order to gain from agricultural input supplies, the organization should not only sell the products but also train the users on how best to hold and use the specified products supplied. However, being a business oriented organization, it is better to stock supplies that contain the products that are required (Prasad, 2005, p. 15). Until this time, I had never realized any complication being that It is not connected to the internet to reduce products costs globally. In the food industry, the key challenge that most people face is lack of adequate food preservation equipment. However, food stuffs are getting more expensive hence high living standards within the same city (Meulenberg, 1995, p. 46). In order to come up with genuine work you have to be able to communicate your ideas, through the numerous struggles. Organizations like world food program should be encouraged as they create conducive atmosphere for most of the products. Through proper record keeping the system intermediaries are likely to assist in establishment (Martin, 1991, p. 39). The module covered the retailers in food and agribusiness, through an amicable way all the workers are supposed to be engaged in service industry (Prasad, 2005, p. 34). Through some commitment it would be unable to travel home with a perception that it is wise not to attend to the daily chores as the customers who are unable to access goods and services from the local pubic would benefit from the any function (Meulenberg, 1995, p.48). Being a busy day full of cookery and the kind and nature of products that are likely to be sold to traders who are likely to retain links, it is not possible to have everybody resting on such an occasion that requires services from

Consumer buying behaviour in Thailand

Consumer buying behaviour in Thailand The telephone took four decades to reach 50 million people The Internet has managed this within four years as digital technologies provide such efficient channels for business and consumer interaction transactions The Internet has changed people lifestyle; it became apart of people daily life. They use internet to replace their common activities such as E-mail instead of writing letter, MSN chat and Skype instead of using telephone, YouTube instead of watching TV. Therefore, many organisations tried to use Internet as a new way to reach their customers which called E-marketing. E-marketing is a new marketing strategy using to reach many consumers at low cost. It can be used to interact with customer 24hrs a day, 7days a week without any additional cost. Consumer can get information about products any times, any places. According to Seock and Norton (2007), consumer channel choices for shopping had been widened because of diffusion of the Internet: causing everything that happens to sales in electronic form or what it realized as online shopping. 84 per cent of global consumers have experience purchasing over the internet (Nielsen, 2008). Number of Thais internet usage rate is increasing everyday. There are many internet service providers offer high speed internet. Most of Thais are familiar with using internet in playing game, social network like Facebook, twitter but number of online purchasing is very low. Comparing between European and Western to Thai, the number of online purchasing is very different. Online purchasing is still very limited for Thais. They are not familiar with buying things online. Thai consumers love to see and touch and feel the product before making any purchasing decision. With brand name product, consumers seem to have a high involvement because its impossible for them to buy without seeing the real product. They also have very limited knowledge to buy thing online as they are afraid to share important information online such as their bank account, there personal data or their credit card number. At the same time, the number of Thai website that offers online service is very rare. Therefore there is opportunity to introduce this service for Thais. This research attempts at learning why Thais consumer do not want to buying brand name online. The aim of this research is to learn what Thai consumer perception toward buying brand name online is and what factors effect their decision making. What Thai consumers characteristic make a brand name online shopping. The area of this research will focus mainly on Thai consumers in Thailand. The research objective will be divided into five main areas: To investigate Thai consumer buying making decision toward online shopping. To investigate Thai consumers experience on shopping online. To investigate Thai consumers perception toward buying brand name online. To identify the most important factors in the buying decision making on online shopping in Thailand To investigate Thai consumer demographic characteristic who make online shopping. In research methodology, we will try to achieve the objective by using quantitative research through online questionnaire. The result of research will help researcher in order to achieve the objective that has been set and help us to determine Thai consumer behavior and perception toward buying online. Literature Review In this part, the researcher would like to divide into two parts: The first part will explain a character of consumer behavior towards high involvement such as buying brand name product, what factors effect them to buy online, and consumers perception toward brand. The second part will clarify the characteristic of online marketing in Thailand. Involvement Some products, such as high-performance car seem inherently involving because of their complexity, risk and cost, while others, such as toothpaste seem uninvolving by comparison because of their familiarity, low risk and low cost Laakasonen (1994) Therefore, buying brand name online is like a high-performance car because is too complex (untouchable product) and risky (fake product), this will make consumer spend more time in order to search information before making a decision. Moreover, a consumers level of involvement depends on their individual interests, value of products, needs, which attract or motivate them. Involvement is commonly defined as the consumers personal interest in buying or using an item from a given product field, an approach which nicely summarizes the personal, product and situational components of the relationship (Evan et al,. 2009). Factor Customer satisfaction seems to be a key major to influence consumer-buying decision. Customer satisfaction can be the most important reason for customers deciding to make a repeat purchase, and telling their friends about their satisfaction (Palmer 2000). If online shop can make customers believed that their shop has good quality product, secure, and friendly, this would help their shop gain more new customers. Not only online shops give customer a good quality product, but they should also give them equity. Oliver (1997) defined equity as a fairness, rightness or deservingness judgment that consumers make in reference to what others receive; it is also considered as an important determinant of satisfaction. With these product quality and equity, this would make customers satisfy and motivate them to make a repurchase. Brand Brand image seems to be an important for online market area because brand helps consumer make buying decision and it creates a credibility of online shop. Rio del B. et al. (2001) defined brand as the set of associations and behaviors on the part of a brands customers, channel membersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and that gives that brand a strong, sustainable, and differential advantage over competitors. In Thailand, the customers perception toward brand product equate to high price, which in turn dampens their willingness to make decision toward buying brand name online. Online market It seems to be that now the market channel has been classified into two main channels that are online channels and offline channels or we called traditional channels. Offline channels, consumers reduce of risk on shopping because they can have a physical interaction with products, when compared to online channels. According to Brown et al. (2003), Whilst shopping online allows the exchanging of value and productà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ by using computer as a medium of transaction transference. In Thailand, it seems to be that now Thai consumers still like to buy products from offline channel or in shopping mall due to online channel still do not have a good credibility. Thai online retailer should have to create credibility and trust to consumer in order to make them believe that Thai online channel is secure (Mict 2010). It seems to be that in Thailand, many of online retailers seem not to register for doing their business compare to Western country. Moreover, Thailand online payment still unsecure, this make Thai online consumers do not want to take risk on payment that is why they prefer to touch and see product before making buying decision. The key concerns that consumers have over the online purchasing trends are security of the privacy or financial which relatively unsecure once online payment has been made, such as credit card fraud (Harridge 2006). Moreover, Roman and Cuestas (2008) stated that security on online transaction is need to be strict as to gain trust i n the mind of shoppers regarding their online financial transaction made with the site will be safe form unauthorized access. Research Question This research has focused on four main research questions as follows: Who are online stores target customers in Thailand? What is the perception of Thai customers toward online shopping? What factors affect Thai consumers purchasing decisions? Which is the most important factor that influences Thai consumers purchasing brand name online? Research Method Research method helps online retailer know which strategies they should use to influence consumer buying decision. Research method can be classified into two types that are Quantitative research and Qualitative research. Both of them have different pros and cons, which researcher will discuss more in detail later on. Data can be collected in variety of ways, in different settings-field or lab-and from different sources. Choosing methodology is up to what paradigms the researcher adopts. There are two main paradigms or philosophies, which are positivist and phenomological (Collis and Hussey, 2003). The alternative terms for positivist are quantitative, objectivist, experimentalist, and traditionalist. The other terms for phenomenological are qualitative, subjectivist, humanistic, and interprevist. There are several data collection methods, each with their own advantage and disadvantages. The research method that researcher will use is Quantitative research, focusing on the survey method. Now, researcher should think about what types of questionnaire should be used, such as mail questionnaire, electronic questionnaire, and personal questionnaire. In this report, due to time limitation, it seems to be that the used of electronic questionnaire or online questionnaire will be more suitable and take less time, cost, and can expand very quickly in order to collect data than other quantitative research. After researcher has chosen a specific method, researcher will make a questionnaire by using pilot test in to make sure that all questions can be understand by respondent. If questionnaires have any errors or respondents hard to understand, researcher can improve before using to the target audiences. Researcher has specific target to make a research that is a Thai consumer age between 18 and 35 years old and compare between teenager (18-27) and middle age (28-35). A sample size that researcher expect to have is minimum 100 respondents, the questionnaire will be distributed through email and social networks to 200 respondent who have use internet. In order to make data collection, we will use both primary and secondary data. The secondary data will used on book, journal, article, and commercial online database provide from the website (Mintel, or Google Shcolar). Website offering information for a fee, almost every industry association, government agency, business publication, and news medium offers free information to those tenacious enough to find their website (Armstrong and Kotler 2009). The use of secondary provides a good start for research and define problem and objective. This helps researcher in order to find an objective for consumer buying decision and perception toward online brand name in Thailand. Secondary data helps researcher to better understand and indicated what has been missing form the current online business in Thailand. Moreover, it helps researcher to develop hypotheses and objective of the study. For primary data, a survey research has been chosen as a method of conducting a research, because survey was available to large number of population. As a time limitation, using questionnaire can help researcher save time and cost. After we already collect data from questionnaire, then we can identify that questionnaire is validity, reliability, and genalisability or not. Roadblock There might have some limitations when make a research, due to limit of time and budget cost. Moreover, the respondents are required to have a computer access to be able to take part in this research. Discussion To sum up, researcher believed that this research will help us to know more about Thai consumers behavior and perception toward online brand name store. The use of secondary data helps researcher can set a research question in order to collect a primary data. However, researcher has to select which research method would like to use in order to collect primary data. As a result, a good method in this report is Quantitative research by using questionnaire to collect primary data. By using questionnaire, it will help researcher to collect data and can analyses about Thai consumers. Due to time limitation of research, the used of questionnaire will helps us to save cost and time. The questionnaire has been sent to 200 via e-mail and social network in order to collect minimum 100 respondents. Researcher believed that the primary data that we collect can help to do finding and analyses on Thai consumers buying behavior and perception toward online brand name. Moreover, to learn more what f actor can influence Thai consumer in order to purchase brand name online.

Essay --

WHAT IS CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR? Consumer behavior is the study or the art of how people buy, what they buy, when they buy and why they buy. It refers to the actions and all the decision process of people who purchase goods and services for personal consumption. Consumption can be in any form and anywhere. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT? Production Concept (consumers buy what is available than what they really want) Product Concept (consumers will buy a product of highest quality, best performance and most features) Selling Concept (consumers mostly buy the product when they are actively and aggressively persuaded) Marketing Concept (marketer must make what sells rather than sell what it makes) Circle of Consumption- VARIOUS OBSERVATIONS AT THE SHOPPING MALL- We in a group had seen a number of things at the Shopping Mall. There were many different types of customs and rituals also and different ways of how people act. On the observation day, there were many people in groups of three or more. Majority of the people walking in the mall are that of the youth and the children who just like to spend their time in any form of entertainment. People are unique in many ways such as different cultures, views, and perceptions. For people to adapt to a new culture, people must learn to understand signs, norms, and social control. These three factors are important and touch almost every aspect of social life and are used in every day to day life. A sign is â€Å"a symbol that stands for or conveys an ideaâ€Å". Signs could be price tag, a slow down sign etc. As signs convey information and are the most common and they make everyone’s life easier. Gesture is an example of signs and linked with body movements. The signs are present almost ever ywhere, it’... ...f use, possession, and maintenance. One caution about customer value: greater customer value does not necessarily equal greater customer satisfaction. Customer value is defined as the difference (or surplus) between benefits and costs; it is a level of return for customer costs. From a cognitive perspective, according to expectation theory, satisfaction is the result of a comparison between what actually occurs and what is expected. Hence the customers' buying satisfaction depends on both their perceived value of the purchase and their knowledge of what a fair level of buying value should be. In short, customers will feel satisfied to the extent that the perceived value of their buying exceeds the standard they hold. From this point of view, exceeding value is the key for customer satisfaction, not customer value per se (a surplus value).

The French Revolution

The French Revolution was an uprising in human history that changed the way of life for many. The poor became poorer, the people became mostly jobless, the cities became even more lifeless. Not only did the Revolution affected music in the 1700s but it still has an effect on modern day music. The Revolution had an impact on many things; one of the many things being music. The French Revolution was also an evolution for music. The leaders of the Revolution wanted to end the aristocracy; they soon realized music could influence people so they used music to achieve their goals. The purpose of music during the Revolution was to unite a group of people to take action. The music was used to get people to feel nationalism pride and rise against the aristocracy. The Revolution influenced a numerous amount of composers. The emotions the composers felt during this time period influenced the way music was produced. The churches were the main supporters of musicians. They relied on people that could compose, conduct, and play the organ. Because the church demanded this, people obtained a living by working for the church. Musicians could also gain patronage from an aristocrat as another way to earn a living. â€Å"Kapellmeister is someone who is a composer, conductor, a performer, and organizer†(Kingsnews). The wealthy families would often hire these people to write and perform small pieces of music for entertainment. When the Revolution took place the aristocrats lost their fortunes, loss of music centers resulted from small states being consumed by neighbors. Public concert halls raised from the change. People had more availability to music because of this rise. However, the public wasn't interested in heavy music. â€Å"The limits of music were not allowed to go beyond that of what was politically and socially acceptable to the old regime†(Kingsnews). The changes caused by the Revolution caused many people to lose their jobs which in turn unemployed many musicians. These changes affected many musicians because their music did not fit the popular trend of music. In the time of the French Revolution people often used their musical talents to get what they need. In the book, Revolution by Jennifer Donnelly on page 138 in the first paragraph gives an example of how music was used to people's advantages. Levesque, the inn-keeper, makes a deal with Alex's family; as long as they sing songs for his guests in the tap room he will give them a place to sleep. In the book, Revolution, on pages 114 and 115 Alex mentions that she, her father, and her uncle puts on puppet shows. She then says â€Å"We were all hungry, all thin, for the harvest was poor and the winter long.†(Revolution) Two paragraphs below Alex goes on â€Å"My mother wept. My brothers, all five of them, joined her.†(Revolution). Within this journal entry, Alex explains her family's means of collecting money. Alex also plays her guitar for the Little Prince. When the Little Prince is locked in the tower she plays loudly hoping he can hear her. In today's society, music no longer depends on the churches or patronage. The music style today varies from the style of music during the Revolution. Whereas classical composers made money during the Revolution, they would have a very difficult time earning money composing classical pieces. Another difference that stands out is the â€Å"performance and the ‘look' of the musician†(Kingsnews). During the French Revolution people listened and gave money because of the feelings that emit from the song. However, today's society buys music â€Å"based on the attractiveness of the musicians†(Kingsnews). Even though the evolution of music has changed dramatically people today still use music to tell a story, for entertainment, to influence one another. However, instead of using music to influence people to end aristocracy, music is produced to influence people to stand up for what they believe in. Modern music comes from the classical music that was created during the French Revolution. Modern musician uses the works of those who lived before them to inspire their own piece. Some musicians and their songs that were inspired by classical music are â€Å"Elvis Presley – I Can't Help Falling In Love With You ; It's Now Or Never, Queen – It's A Hard Life, Barry Manilow – Could It Be Magic, Lady Gaga – Alejandro ; Bad Romance, Beyonce – Schubert, and many more musicians†(ClassicFM). Throughout the book, Andi does some similar things that Alex did during the French Revolution. One of these things is her music. Alex played her music in the streets of Paris for money. However, Andi doesn't think of this at first. Andi stumbled upon this by accident. On page 96 in the book, Revolution, Andi is sitting on a bench when she hears a note from â€Å"Norwegian Wood†. She starts playing the song on her guitar, an old man drops a coin into her guitar case. On page 120 of Revolution, Andi is facing a problem; she is hungry. She tries to take money off her ATM card but is declined. After having a conversation with Minna Dyson Andi comes to the conclusion to play her music on the streets to make money so she can buy food. Later on page 122, a guy asks Andi if she wants to jam, to which she replied yes. They get a few more coins tossed in the case. After a little while, they split the money and head to a cafe together. On page 128 of Revolution, Andi meets Virgil, the â€Å"Hip-Hop master†. Andi, Virgil, and Jules starts playing music in the cafe. They're playing in the cafe to earn some food. Remy, the cafe owner, tells them to play sad songs because then people will drink more. It's just like the time when Alex and her family need a place to sleep, but instead Andi, and Virgil is playing for food. Andi goes to a party with Jules and Virgil, they pass through the catacombs to get to this party. The cops soon show up and everyone scatters. In the midst of running Andi trips and hits her head. When she wakes up she is now in the 1700s; the French Revolution to be exact. While she is in this time period she remembers what she read in Alex's journal entries. On her way a shop to get new guitar strings, she sees the tower that the Little Prince is being held. Without thinking, Andi starts to play for him. Malherbauro tries to get her to stop but she keeps playing louder. Soon guards show up, they tell Andi to stop playing and move along. When Andi doesn't respond or stop playing the guard hits Andi in the head with the butt of the gun. In Andi's journey through this time period, she experiences what Alex experienced. The French Revolution impacted many things; one being music. Music during the French Revolution had a greater purpose than today's music. However, today's music influence people in a way music should influence people. Alex and Andi both used their talents to their advantages to get what they need. Although the French Revolution changed human history and many other things, it brought upon the evolution of music. The French Revolution The French Revolution was an uprising in human history that changed the way of life for many. The poor became poorer, the people became mostly jobless, the cities became even more lifeless. Not only did the Revolution affected music in the 1700s but it still has an effect on modern day music. The Revolution had an impact on many things; one of the many things being music. The French Revolution was also an evolution for music. The leaders of the Revolution wanted to end the aristocracy; they soon realized music could influence people so they used music to achieve their goals. The purpose of music during the Revolution was to unite a group of people to take action. The music was used to get people to feel nationalism pride and rise against the aristocracy. The Revolution influenced a numerous amount of composers. The emotions the composers felt during this time period influenced the way music was produced. The churches were the main supporters of musicians. They relied on people that could compose, conduct, and play the organ. Because the church demanded this, people obtained a living by working for the church. Musicians could also gain patronage from an aristocrat as another way to earn a living. â€Å"Kapellmeister is someone who is a composer, conductor, a performer, and organizer†(Kingsnews). The wealthy families would often hire these people to write and perform small pieces of music for entertainment. When the Revolution took place the aristocrats lost their fortunes, loss of music centers resulted from small states being consumed by neighbors. Public concert halls raised from the change. People had more availability to music because of this rise. However, the public wasn't interested in heavy music. â€Å"The limits of music were not allowed to go beyond that of what was politically and socially acceptable to the old regime†(Kingsnews). The changes caused by the Revolution caused many people to lose their jobs which in turn unemployed many musicians. These changes affected many musicians because their music did not fit the popular trend of music. In the time of the French Revolution people often used their musical talents to get what they need. In the book, Revolution by Jennifer Donnelly on page 138 in the first paragraph gives an example of how music was used to people's advantages. Levesque, the inn-keeper, makes a deal with Alex's family; as long as they sing songs for his guests in the tap room he will give them a place to sleep. In the book, Revolution, on pages 114 and 115 Alex mentions that she, her father, and her uncle puts on puppet shows. She then says â€Å"We were all hungry, all thin, for the harvest was poor and the winter long.†(Revolution) Two paragraphs below Alex goes on â€Å"My mother wept. My brothers, all five of them, joined her.†(Revolution). Within this journal entry, Alex explains her family's means of collecting money. Alex also plays her guitar for the Little Prince. When the Little Prince is locked in the tower she plays loudly hoping he can hear her. In today's society, music no longer depends on the churches or patronage. The music style today varies from the style of music during the Revolution. Whereas classical composers made money during the Revolution, they would have a very difficult time earning money composing classical pieces. Another difference that stands out is the â€Å"performance and the ‘look' of the musician†(Kingsnews). During the French Revolution people listened and gave money because of the feelings that emit from the song. However, today's society buys music â€Å"based on the attractiveness of the musicians†(Kingsnews). Even though the evolution of music has changed dramatically people today still use music to tell a story, for entertainment, to influence one another. However, instead of using music to influence people to end aristocracy, music is produced to influence people to stand up for what they believe in. Modern music comes from the classical music that was created during the French Revolution. Modern musician uses the works of those who lived before them to inspire their own piece. Some musicians and their songs that were inspired by classical music are â€Å"Elvis Presley – I Can't Help Falling In Love With You ; It's Now Or Never, Queen – It's A Hard Life, Barry Manilow – Could It Be Magic, Lady Gaga – Alejandro ; Bad Romance, Beyonce – Schubert, and many more musicians†(ClassicFM). Throughout the book, Andi does some similar things that Alex did during the French Revolution. One of these things is her music. Alex played her music in the streets of Paris for money. However, Andi doesn't think of this at first. Andi stumbled upon this by accident. On page 96 in the book, Revolution, Andi is sitting on a bench when she hears a note from â€Å"Norwegian Wood†. She starts playing the song on her guitar, an old man drops a coin into her guitar case. On page 120 of Revolution, Andi is facing a problem; she is hungry. She tries to take money off her ATM card but is declined. After having a conversation with Minna Dyson Andi comes to the conclusion to play her music on the streets to make money so she can buy food. Later on page 122, a guy asks Andi if she wants to jam, to which she replied yes. They get a few more coins tossed in the case. After a little while, they split the money and head to a cafe together. On page 128 of Revolution, Andi meets Virgil, the â€Å"Hip-Hop master†. Andi, Virgil, and Jules starts playing music in the cafe. They're playing in the cafe to earn some food. Remy, the cafe owner, tells them to play sad songs because then people will drink more. It's just like the time when Alex and her family need a place to sleep, but instead Andi, and Virgil is playing for food. Andi goes to a party with Jules and Virgil, they pass through the catacombs to get to this party. The cops soon show up and everyone scatters. In the midst of running Andi trips and hits her head. When she wakes up she is now in the 1700s; the French Revolution to be exact. While she is in this time period she remembers what she read in Alex's journal entries. On her way a shop to get new guitar strings, she sees the tower that the Little Prince is being held. Without thinking, Andi starts to play for him. Malherbauro tries to get her to stop but she keeps playing louder. Soon guards show up, they tell Andi to stop playing and move along. When Andi doesn't respond or stop playing the guard hits Andi in the head with the butt of the gun. In Andi's journey through this time period, she experiences what Alex experienced. The French Revolution impacted many things; one being music. Music during the French Revolution had a greater purpose than today's music. However, today's music influence people in a way music should influence people. Alex and Andi both used their talents to their advantages to get what they need. Although the French Revolution changed human history and many other things, it brought upon the evolution of music.

Tips for Creating and Scoring Essay Tests

Tips for Creating and Scoring Essay Tests Essay tests are useful for teachers when they want students to select, organize, analyze, synthesize, and/or evaluate information. In other words, they rely on the upper levels of Blooms Taxonomy. There are two types of essay questions: restricted and extended response. Restricted Response - These essay questions limit what the student will discuss in the essay based on the wording of the question. For example, State the main differences between John Adams and Thomas Jeffersons beliefs about federalism, is a restricted response. What the student is to write about has been expressed to them within the question.Extended Response - These allow students to select what they wish to include in order to answer the question. For example, In Of Mice and Men, was Georges killing of Lennie justified? Explain your answer. The student is given the overall topic, but they are free to use their own judgment and integrate outside information to help support their opinion. Student Skills Required for Essay Tests Before expecting students to perform well on either type of essay question, we must make sure that they have the required skills to excel. Following are four skills that students should have learned and practiced before taking essay exams: The ability to select appropriate material from the information learned in order to best answer the question.The ability to organize that material in an effective manner.The ability to show how ideas relate and interact in a specific context.The ability to write effectively in both sentences and paragraphs. Constructing an Effective Essay Question Following are a few tips to help in the construction of effective essay questions: Begin with the lesson objectives in mind. Make sure to know what you wish the student to show by answering the essay question.Decide if your goal requires a restricted or extended response. In general, if you wish to see if the student can synthesize and organize the information that they learned, then restricted response is the way to go. However, if you wish them to judge or evaluate something using the information taught during class, then you will want to use the extended response.If you are including more than one essay, be cognizant of time constraints. You do not want to punish students because they ran out of time on the test.Write the question in a novel or interesting manner to help motivate the student.State the number of points that the essay is worth. You can also provide them with a time guideline to help them as they work through the exam.If your essay item is part of a larger objective test, make sure that it is the last item on the exam. Scoring the Essay Item One of the downfalls of essay tests is that they lack in reliability. Even when teachers grade essays with a well-constructed rubric, subjective decisions are made. Therefore, it is important to try and be as reliable as possible when scoring your essay items. Here are a few tips to help improve reliability in grading: Determine whether you will use a holistic or analytic scoring system before you write your rubric. With the holistic grading system, you evaluate the answer as a whole, rating papers against each other. With the analytic system, you list specific pieces of information and award points for their inclusion.Prepare the essay rubric in advance. Determine what you are looking for and how many points you will be assigning for each aspect of the question.Avoid looking at names. Some teachers have students put numbers on their essays to try and help with this.Score one item at a time. This helps ensure that you use the same thinking and standards for all students.Avoid interruptions when scoring a specific question. Again, consistency will be increased if you grade the same item on all the papers in one sitting.If an important decision like an award or scholarship is based on the score for the essay, obtain two or more independent readers.Beware of negative influences that can affect essay s coring. These include handwriting and writing style bias, the length of the response, and the inclusion of irrelevant material. Review papers that are on the borderline a second time before assigning a final grade.

HIV Multiple Bereavement Syndrome essays

HIV Multiple Bereavement Syndrome essays HIV/AIDS and Multiple Bereavement: Is the psychological impact of multiple loss intensified by social factors? The advent of AIDS has created a new population of people who suffer multiple bereavements as well as threats to their own lives. (Murray-Parkes, 1998, p. xii) The populations most affected by HIV/AIDS live in two geographical locations: the USA and Africa (WHO, 1998) . In 1997 four million people in the Sub-Saharan Africa were newly reported as having seropositive status (WHO, 1998). In North America this figure was 44 thousand (WHO, 1998). Seropositive rates among Gay men in New York City are reported at 36 to 67% (Dean L, 1995). Infection rates amongst young, urban males in Uganda range from 20 to 30% (Seeley With these high figures and similar infection rates among males in mind, this essay will discuss the relationship between social factors and the psychological impact of multiple loss in an international context. The evidence I have considered principally comes from Uganda and the USA which will allow me to evaluate the commonality of experience and the usefulness of theories on multiple loss in differing cultural and economic situations. The impact of the HIV virus is such that it creates ...a cycle of never ending perpetual grieving for individuals affected by HIV/AIDS and the professionals who care for them.' (Cho Cho Discussing this issue Ankrah (1991) and Seeley & Kajura (1995) suggest that young people may have become habituated to mul...

The Pros and Cons of Organ Donation the Giving and Receiving Research Paper

The Pros and Cons of Organ Donation the Giving and Receiving - Research Paper Example Adoption of unhealthy lifestyle practices has led to failure of organs in various individuals and the list of those who are on the receiving end out way the number of people who are on the donating end. In this paper, the emphasis will be on the benefits and cons of donating organs and receiving organs as donation. Body Benefits Various individuals have experienced failure of organ either due to their own ill practices or due to natural health deteriorating conditions. If these people are able to successfully obtain a transplant of their failed organs, they can obtain a second chance to live and continue to be operating in a productive manner by eradicating and solving their past mistakes. There are several organs that can be transplanted and research is being conducted to increase the number of tissues and organs that can be transplanted. Becoming a donor whether living or dead can be a satisfying experience as by donating one would not only be saving one life, he/she might even be bringing smiles to several faces associated with the person requiring a donation (Bramstedt, 2011, p.153). Donating organs after end of life can leave a satisfactory remark on a deceased individual’s family while they are in the grieving process. ... The people who should be considered as most deserving are those who have been waiting for several years. While making the decision from an ethical standpoint, one should decide whom to donate while taking into consideration the utilitarian rule of ethics. The utilitarian rule of ethics suggests that actions that result in the highest amount of benefits to the society should be considered over those actions that result in lower amount of benefits and higher amount of costs (Kanniyakonil, 2007, p.67). While keeping this view in mind, the organ should be donated to those who have high number of people dependant on them and the organ should be given to those who have more years available to live. Organs are even useful after life, they can be useful for those who are still alive. Keeping this in mind one can even opt to donate his/her organs after he/she dies. Costs Organ transplantation can have several benefits; similarly, there are several risks and costs associated with this procedur e. One of the major risks associated with organ transplantation is the procedure through which the organ is transplanted. Organ transplantation requires a major surgery for both the donor and the person who is on the receiving end. Any complications can arise during the procedure and these complications can result in lifelong impairments. Even if the surgery is completed successfully and without any complications, still the donor may face loss of productivity and absence from work, huge amount of pain during the operation and even during the recovery session and cost of medications that are required to assist in recovery. Although an individual has abundant amount of tissues and cells and he/she can share them to perform a good deed, but

Short History of Socialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short History of Socialism - Essay Example But if anthropologists wish to engage the contemporary world and come to terms with all its interconnectedness they certainly cannot afford to ignore the role of intellectuals in shaping-and occasionally perhaps inventing-new cultural traditions. Holy's portrayal of the actors who, as the voices of the Scandinavian nation, precipitated that country's 'Velvet Revolution' is the most dramatic of a number of illustrations provided in this volume, several of which deal with Africa. Socialism when analyzed, is found to embrace four main elements. The first of these is the common ownership of the material instruments of production. It is not stated precisely how this common ownership is to be brought about, or exactly what form it is to take (Lichtheim, 1970).. Opinions may and do differ about the practical steps which are to be taken to secure the desired end, and also about the nature of the collective organization in which this ownership is to be vested. But no one can be called a socialist in the modern technical sense who does not accept the doctrine of the common ownership of the material instruments of production. ... It is simply necessary to exercise one's imagination, and to picture to one's self the extension of that which already exists in a comparatively small way (Lichtheim, 1970).. It is said substantially all land and capital, because it is held that it is not necessary that the common ownership should be absolutely all-inclusive. It is a weakness of the extremists to insist on all -- inclusiveness in common ownership, which much damages their cause. What is necessary is that the collective ownership should become dominant in such manner as to control all other ownership and confine it within narrow limits. All the great instruments of production, like telegraphs, telephones, railways, forests, arable lands, and large manufacturing plants, must become collective property; but socialism does not imply that it is necessary to restrict individuals in the acquisition of the instruments of production on a small scale, -- for example, a wheelbarrow or a cart. Socialism, then, presented in the s trongest form, does not proceed so much negatively as constructively. Society is to acquire the instruments of production; but individuals, for the most part, are not to be restrained, except indirectly, by positive social action. Modern socialism is the natural outcome of modern industrial conditions, and its origin is contemporaneous with the origin of those conditions. We must seek its beginnings in the beginnings of modern industry. We can express this thought differently by saying that modern socialism is the product of the industrial revolution. It has grown with this revolution, becoming international as the industrial revolution has spread over the nations of the

Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 5

Law - Essay Example This restriction emanate from the fact that such volume-footed measures are more economically destabilising than any price based trade measures like taxes and tariffs. Article XI also prescribes small exception to this rule namely An export or import restriction or ban which may be viewed as a detriment may be challenged as quantitative restriction which is forbidden by Article XI of GATT. However, if commerce on domestic product is also banned, then the import ban might be viewed as an internal effort enforced at the point of importation, which is allowed by Article III (4) of GATT. (Chris Wold 1996:850). Dumping means when merchandises are exported at prices which are less under the â€Å"normal value† in the country of export made. (GATT VI). In the absence of any domestic price for that product, then price of an analogous product for export to a third nation is employed. The margin of dumping is the glut of the normal price over the price at which the good is being dumped. In National Com Growers v. C.I.T1, Canadian courts were not reluctant in agreeing the levy of countervailing duties against imported subsidised agricultural products which resulted or likely to result in causing material damage to Canadian agricultural industry. (Baggaley 1998). The main aim of Article VI of GATT is to offer a relief to importing member country where imported or dumped subsidised products threaten or create substantial injury to a recognised industry or substantially hinder the constitution or formation of a domestic industry. To claim a remedy under GATT VI, it is essential to make a complaint that there exists a predatory pricing, i.e. pricing a product with the aim of forcing out the competition in the market. Hence, if any domestic manufacturer wishes to invoke the provision of GATT VI, he has to demonstrate that it has been invoked to

British Airways Marketing Report Essay Example for Free

British Airways Marketing Report Essay Current share price is 225 with a range of between 224 and 289. Marketing is ‘the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably. ’ BA used to operate in an oligopoly market however throughout the last century this has changed. Previously it was only large national companies that had enough money to provide flights however nowadays the market operates in perfect competition with high barriers to entry. BA can use marketing to promote their product, drive market share, anticipate customer requirements, satisfy customer needs and ultimately make a profit. The Marketing Mix The marketing mix is a combination of 4 P’s (product, price, place and promotion) that should be used in conjunction with each other to ensure a competitive edge over other companies. ‘The marketing mix is designed to produce mutually satisfying exchanges with a target market’. Product BA’s product in essence relates to the flights offered. However, the product can be drilled down into specific areas ranging from the airport lounges around the world, the ‘extras’ that you can buy on board such as model BA aeroplanes or even package holidays. Each of these has been specifically tailored to meet customer expectations (which are highlighted in the section of the report titled ‘target market’). This part of the marketing mix focuses on how BA’s products are managed and in the Guardian case study article titled ‘BA, Iberia and American Airlines tie-up heralds new era of transatlantic travel’ dated 06/10/2010 it shows how BA have made an executive decision to link their websites with other companies to have the possibility to offer a higher number of routes (products) to their potential customers. Price Price is simply ‘the amount of money customers must pay to obtain a product’. BA’s price is generally higher than their competitors although this is because they believe they are offering higher quality. However, in recent times BA appear to be losing the price war against low cost budget competitors such as Ryanair and Easyjet. Following this, BA have undergone marketing strategies to reduce their price and carry out ‘sale discounted’ periods. BA demand immediate payment for their products, do not give credit terms or allowances. Promotion In the early days when BA was a nationalised company and the market was an oligopoly, they didn’t have to promote as much, as competition was minimal. However, with the growth of new players in the market BA have resulted to advertising in the following areas: tube stations (especially the Jubilee Line going towards Canary Wharf to target higher earners), newspapers (such as the Financial Times and Sunday broadsheets), airports (mainly in Heathrow and Gatwick – their primary hubs) and adverts between TV programmes, starting from September 2009 – such as the News, Politics programmes and factual documentaries. BA also use personal advertising techniques with their advert: ‘Come together it’s Christmas’. This uses emotional targeting to encourage people to buy their product to visit loved ones during this period. See Appendix 2. Place Currently BA do not operate from London Stanstead however a marketing decision could be taken to include this to their portfolio. This would give them a higher percentage of UK airport utilisation however a cost benefit analysis could prove this move to be not so advantageous. BA have recently ‘taken on’ Easyjet and are now offering a Gatwick-Marrakech route at discount prices. This gives customers higher choice and allows BA to remain competitive and attempt at satisfying the needs of those who want to pay less. Once BA have exhausted the 4 P’s, a S. W. O. T. Analysis will be completed to determine and examine internal strengths and weaknesses and, external opportunities and threats. S. W. O. T. Analysis Strengths The case study website article on ‘This is Money’ dated 24/01/2011 undoubtedly highlights one of the major strengths carrying BA at present. The merger between BA and Iberia has strengthened its financial position and is a step closer to ‘creating a multinational multi-brand airlines group’. BA take pride in their strong brand, high quality service and offer prestigious first class airport lounges to ensure that their customers are taken care of to the standard they expect for the prices they are paying. This is what has allowed BA to charge higher fares and gives them the image that higher class passengers are willing to pay for. By linking themselves to fellow competitors (American Airlines) and strengthening their position by joining the One World syndicate, BA have encouraged higher revenues from this tactical decision. Following the strong decline throughout the global recession, BA’s strength is ‘bouncing back’ according to the BBC News Article ‘British Airways in first profit for two years’. Although the rise in incomes and ultimately rise in profits was linked to higher cargo fares, BA were able to successfully cut costs and meet their carbon emissions targets also. Weaknesses Despite the above, BA has been renowned for strong continual losses as highlighted in the other BBC News Article ‘British Airways reports ? 164m loss’. The losses were mainly caused by the volcanic ash cloud and staff strikes both resulting in the cancellation of thousands of flights. It’s reported that just ’15 days strikes had cost the airline ? 142m’. The strikes had also had a negative impact on their declining reputation making some people not wanting to fly with them anymore. BA’s reputation was also hit when they were sued ? 10K by competitor Virgin for accessing their private files and consequently trying to poach business. If this wasn’t bad enough, in 2009 BA were fined a massive ? 110m for price fixing – known as a ‘cartel’ and this is illegal. Although passengers accept that flight travel can be dangerous, BA adds to its weakness with its own incidents. These range from a mid-air collision in 1 976, a pilot being sucked out of the aircraft when a windscreen exploded and in 2008 a BA plane at Heathrow missed the runway and crash-landed. More recently, BA has been investigating prices of flights to some destinations that were being charged at 10 times the normal price owing to a ‘system error’ online. This is going to make people think twice when booking with the company. Opportunities While the above 2 sections focus internally, opportunities and threats highlight those factors that can influence BA externally. The lifting of the recession in recent months has allowed passengers to review their spending habits and hopefully create higher disposable income in households and allow the ‘loosening of the belt’ for those corporate company credit cards. BA need to carefully position their marketing strategies at the right time in order to capture these people with that bit of extra money to spend and the report will focus on this issue in the following few pages. BA sold its Gatwick hub airport for ? 1. 5bn, although this was reportedly at a loss (as BA originally paid ? 10. 1bn for it 3 years prior), it gave BA the opportunity to invest its interests elsewhere and concentrate on a smaller number of airports. BA also sold its interest in the London Eye – now sponsored by EDF, to focus on other projects. Threats BA has been hit by threats in recent years ranging from terrorism, bad weather, volcanoes and more recently the devastating earthquake and tsunami in Japan and the civil unrest in Libya. Numerous flights have been cancelled to the Libyan capital Tripoli costing BA millions of pounds. Following this, BA has been forced to cancel their entire summer 2011 season of flight programmes. The events in Japan have also affected BA’s programmes with flights to Tokyo disrupted. The case studies provided highlight how BA ‘went into meltdown’ following the heavy snow suffered in the UK during December 2010. The conditions caused hundreds of flights to be cancelled for both cargo and passengers and the title of the article ‘British Airways says bad weather could cost it ? 50m’ sums up the situation perfectly. The terrorist events in the USA in 2001 still continue to make passengers nervous of flying, especially Trans-Atlantic and this is always going to be a sensitive subject that BA would find hard to market against. By doing so, they would not want to seem like they are publicising terrorism but at the same time have concentrated their marketing strategies on the highest standard of comfort and ‘relaxability’. A final threat is shown in an article by the Telegraph where BA is ‘attacked’ by a social media Facebook campaign where Gatwick workers have criticised BA’s Terminal 5 at Heathrow calling it ‘shambolic’ and the page was even designed with videos showing the CEO of BA wrestling with baggage and trolleys. This damages BA’s reputation and makes a mockery of their brand. All of the factors mentioned above in the marketing mix and S. W. O. T. Analysis are important for BA to consider however if the company does not have a target market to aim their products at, the company would not be able to survive. British Airways Target Market and Positioning Strategy In order to ensure BA’s products are directed at the correct audience to maximise revenues and profits, careful market research needs to be invested in to find a target market. ‘The basis of target marketing is market segmentation’; which splits the market into groups of potential customers that have the same characteristics. From the 3 marketing strategies, it’s believed that BA use a ‘differentiated strategy’ as they focus on several specific areas of the market to target. The characteristics below offer ome possibilities that link all of BA’s customers together. Watch the News on television Celebrities Speak a 2nd language Middle/Upper Class Holiday in non-European destinations Read non-fiction In full time employment or retired Have higher disposable incomes By segmenting the customer base to determine a ‘target market’ BA split the market depending on the following variables: * Demographic – age, gender * Geographic – where the target is based * Geo-demographic – size of households, number of cars etc.. depending on location * Psychographic – lifestyle, attitudes Behavioural – the relationship between the target market and the product As the points show in the circle above, BA focus their marketing strategies on those that have higher income and appear in the middle/upper classes of the population, this is evident from the prices of their products and the quality of the service offered. Both genders are targeted equally with the age range (generally) being between 35 to 65. The BA advertising strategies are positioned to target those situations that their customers can relate to and dream about – i. . luxury holidays, comfortable flights and a reliable service. This concentrates on the behavioural variable. Geographically, as BA is a British company, the target market is centralised in the UK however following partnerships with fellow companies such as American Airlines for example, a wider global base is reached. BA have positioned their product away from their low cost budget competitors acknowledging that they offer a more luxurious alternative to cheap travel. Their positioning strategy can lso be seen in the ‘product class membership’ which again, separates BA’s service away from the Easyjets and Ryanairs. By doing this, BA have created their own competitive advantage and have taken an alternative route to satisfy other customers needs that are not centered around saving money. Marketing Recommendations In order for BA to evaluate how successful their target market strategies and their positioning tactics are, the report recommends that the company should see how many levels of ‘Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs’ are being satisfied from a purchase of a BA flight. This can be seen in Appendix 3. Psychological needs: SATISIFIED: shelter from the cold, provision of food and oxygen * Safety needs: SATISIFIED: provision of a safe environment and reassuring customers * Belongingness and love needs: N/A * Esteem needs: N/A * Self-actualization needs: Possibly relevant to those who are over-coming their fear of flying. Secondly, BA could conduct marketing research to determine ‘why’ customers buy their products in the first place. This could be conducted as a quick questionnaire either in-flight when the customers are all in one place at the same time or as a mandatory set of questions when booking flights. This will help BA to see what criteria are satisfied during the stage of the ‘buyer decision process’. There are 3 possibilities however the report recommends that BA would come across the most popular varible below: * Routine Response Behaviour: Customers who are frequent flyers, possibly members of the Executive Club, they are aware of the low cost competition however have a loyalty towards BA and favour their service. Appendix 4 shows where the report deems BA’s product to currently be in the market. By carrying out the market research above and with the new strong group behind the company, the brand could move backwards in the graph and back and return to the growth stage. This can also be said of Appendix 5, by moving BA from a question mark in the Boston Matrix and positioning it in the ‘star’ category. The report recommends BA to further extend their marketing strategy to concentrate on ‘holidays’ and not just flights. This links closely with an interview carried out by ‘Marketing Week’ and BA’s Head of Marketing, Richard Tams. ‘We are devoting more and more of our reativity in any given campaign to talking about holidays’. BA should extend this further and working with tourist boards of exotic countries to promote cheaper package holidays with the support of the Government in those ‘further to reach’ luxurious locations. Tams states ‘we are looking to move BA. com to much more into the space of a t ravel website rather than a flights website’. The report strongly agrees with this marketing strategy and would fully support BA’s proposals. This widens their product mix and allows a larger more diverse target market to be captured. Conclusion The report has analysed the company British Airways firstly concentrating on the product mix and a S. W. O. T analysis. The report has described the company’s target audience and commented on the current positioning strategy of British Airways. The report has concluded with marketing recommendations that could be put in place to ensure the long time success of the company. Future events that British Airways will have to be aware of include the UK Government adjusting passenger air tax and carbon emission regulations. 2,682 words. Bibliography All referenced throughout. Books Jobber, D. 2001 4th edition ‘Principals and Practices of Marketing’, McGraw Hill International, P 810 * Kotler, P. 2010 9th edition ‘Principals of Marketing’, Pearson * Lamb, C. 2009 6th edition ‘Essentials of Marketing’, Neil Marquardt * The Chartered Institute of Marketing, LSBU lecture notes Websites All accessed between 24/03/2011 and 30/04/2011 * www. bbc. co. uk /news * www. dailymail. co. uk/travel/article-1369100/Libya-action-hits-British-Airways-flights. html * www. guardian. co. uk * www. google. co. uk/finance? q=PINK%3ABAIRY * www. iagshares. com www. letsstartthinking. org/quickreference/maslow-need-hierarchy. asp * www. marketingweek. co. uk/sectors/travel-and-leisure/airlines/qa-with-ba-marketing-head-richard-tams/3019560. article * www. news. airwise. com/story/view/1300492770. html * www. news. cheapflights. co. uk/ /ba-takes-on-easyjet-on-gatwick-marrakech-route * http://phx. corporate-ir. net/External. File? item=UGFyZW50SUQ9ODMyOTJ8Q2hpbGRJRD0tMXxUeXBlPTM=amp;t=1 * www. telegraph. co. uk/travel/3366187/British-Airways-staff-attack-passengers-on-Facebook. html * www. thisislondon. co. k/standard/article-23431527-london-eye-looks-for-new-sponsor-as-ba-pulls-out. do * www. thisismoney. co. uk * http://uk. reuters. com/article/2009/10/21/uk-baa-idUKTRE59K1D820091021 * www. utalkmarketing. com/UTMImages/2/BA_terminal5_2. jpg Append ices 1. ) Group structure of IAG 2. ) BA advert 3. ) Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 4. ) Product Life Cycle 5. ) Boston Matrix [ 1 ]. www. iagshares. com [ 2 ]. http://www. google. co. uk/finance? q=PINK%3ABAIRY [ 3 ]. Lamb, C, 2009 ‘Essentials of Marketing’ 6th edition. Neil Marquardt,